As far as I know, the only signals that have a default keyboard shortcut in the shell are SIGINT (Ctrl + C) to stop a process and SIGTSTP (Ctrl + Z) to pause one.

Apparently, as Radu Rădeanu just taught me, there is also Ctrl+ which is mapped to SIGQUIT.

You can find a list of all signals and what they do in man 7 signal:

   Signal     Value     Action   Comment

   ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

   SIGHUP        1       Term    Hangup detected on controlling terminal

                                 or death of controlling process

   SIGINT        2       Term    Interrupt from keyboard

   SIGQUIT       3       Core    Quit from keyboard

   SIGILL        4       Core    Illegal Instruction

   SIGABRT       6       Core    Abort signal from abort(3)

   SIGFPE        8       Core    Floating point exception

   SIGKILL       9       Term    Kill signal

   SIGSEGV      11       Core    Invalid memory reference

   SIGPIPE      13       Term    Broken pipe: write to pipe with no

                                 readers

   SIGALRM      14       Term    Timer signal from alarm(2)



   SIGTERM      15       Term    Termination signal

   SIGUSR1   30,10,16    Term    User-defined signal 1

   SIGUSR2   31,12,17    Term    User-defined signal 2

   SIGCHLD   20,17,18    Ign     Child stopped or terminated

   SIGCONT   19,18,25    Cont    Continue if stopped

   SIGSTOP   17,19,23    Stop    Stop process

   SIGTSTP   18,20,24    Stop    Stop typed at terminal

   SIGTTIN   21,21,26    Stop    Terminal input for background process

   SIGTTOU   22,22,27    Stop    Terminal output for background process

   SIGBUS      10,7,10     Core    Bus error (bad memory access)

   SIGPOLL                 Term    Pollable event (Sys V).

                                   Synonym for SIGIO

   SIGPROF     27,27,29    Term    Profiling timer expired

   SIGSYS      12,31,12    Core    Bad argument to routine (SVr4)

   SIGTRAP        5        Core    Trace/breakpoint trap

   SIGURG      16,23,21    Ign     Urgent condition on socket (4.2BSD)

   SIGVTALRM   26,26,28    Term    Virtual alarm clock (4.2BSD)

   SIGXCPU     24,24,30    Core    CPU time limit exceeded (4.2BSD)

   SIGXFSZ     25,25,31    Core    File size limit exceeded (4.2BSD)



   SIGIOT         6        Core    IOT trap. A synonym for SIGABRT

   SIGEMT       7,-,7      Term

   SIGSTKFLT    -,16,-     Term    Stack fault on coprocessor (unused)

   SIGIO       23,29,22    Term    I/O now possible (4.2BSD)

   SIGCLD       -,-,18     Ign     A synonym for SIGCHLD

   SIGPWR      29,30,19    Term    Power failure (System V)

   SIGINFO      29,-,-             A synonym for SIGPWR

   SIGLOST      -,-,-      Term    File lock lost (unused)

   SIGWINCH    28,28,20    Ign     Window resize signal (4.3BSD, Sun)

   SIGUNUSED    -,31,-     Core    Synonymous with SIGSYS

You can see the signals that are available on your system with kill -l:

$ kill -l

 1) SIGHUP      2) SIGINT        3) SIGQUIT      4) SIGILL      5) SIGTRAP

 6) SIGABRT     7) SIGBUS        8) SIGFPE       9) SIGKILL     10) SIGUSR1

11) SIGSEGV     12) SIGUSR2     13) SIGPIPE     14) SIGALRM     15) SIGTERM

16) SIGSTKFLT   17) SIGCHLD     18) SIGCONT     19) SIGSTOP     20) SIGTSTP

21) SIGTTIN     22) SIGTTOU     23) SIGURG      24) SIGXCPU     25) SIGXFSZ

26) SIGVTALRM   27) SIGPROF     28) SIGWINCH    29) SIGIO       30) SIGPWR

31) SIGSYS      34) SIGRTMIN    35) SIGRTMIN+1  36) SIGRTMIN+2  37) SIGRTMIN+3

38) SIGRTMIN+4  39) SIGRTMIN+5  40) SIGRTMIN+6  41) SIGRTMIN+7  42) SIGRTMIN+8

43) SIGRTMIN+9  44) SIGRTMIN+10 45) SIGRTMIN+11 46) SIGRTMIN+12 47) SIGRTMIN+13

48) SIGRTMIN+14 49) SIGRTMIN+15 50) SIGRTMAX-14 51) SIGRTMAX-13 52) SIGRTMAX-12

53) SIGRTMAX-11 54) SIGRTMAX-10 55) SIGRTMAX-9  56) SIGRTMAX-8  57) SIGRTMAX-7

58) SIGRTMAX-6  59) SIGRTMAX-5  60) SIGRTMAX-4  61) SIGRTMAX-3  62) SIGRTMAX-2

63) SIGRTMAX-1  64) SIGRTMAX    

Note that there are many SIGRTMAX and SIGRTMIN signals, the Linux kernel supports 32 different signals but the range of signals actually supported will depend on the glibc implementation on your system.