There was a bug in some intel SSD's firmware which caused this problem. This bug was corrected a while ago but you likely didn't upgraded the firmware to the newer one.

Read about the bug and the new firmware here https://communities.intel.com/thread/24205

Unfortunately your data cannot be recovered, but your drive could be made usable again:

What should I do if I have already experienced this issue?

If you have already experienced a drive failure or encounter this problem before the firmware update was released, please contact your Intel representative or Intel customer support (via web: www.intel.com or phone: www.intel.com/p/en_US/support/contact/phone) for an SSD replacement. An alternative option is to use the Intel ® SSD Toolbox or similar tools to perform a secure erase in order to restore the SSD to an operational state; all data will be erased. After secure erase, update your SSD with the new firmware. The firmware update will not recover user data.

To solve this using linux: (Source and this)

1. Boot up a live environment


2. sudo apt-get install hdparm



3. sudo hdparm -I /dev/sdX

   
   
   

   where sdX is your SSD device. This command will just print out some info about the drive. If you see in the output this: Serial Number: BAD_CTX 00000150 that confirms that you are hit by this bug. If at the Seucrity section it reads frozen you can't continue, you have to use a workaround to eliminate the freeze:

   
   
   

   
   

   If the command output shows "frozen" one cannot continue to the next step. Some BIOSes block the ATA Secure Erase command by issuing a "SECURITY FREEZE" command to "freeze" the drive before booting an operating system.

   
   
   

   A possible solution is to simply suspend the system. Upon waking up, it is likely that the freeze will be lifts. If unsuccessful, one can try hot-(re)plug the data cable (which might crash the kernel). If hot-(re)plugging the SATA data cable crashes the kernel try letting the operating system fully boot up, then quickly hot-(re)plug both the SATA power and data cables.

   
   




4. sudo hdparm --user-master u --security-set-pass SOMEPASS /dev/sdX

   
   
   

   Again /dev/sdX is your SSD drive, and SOMEPASS is a password you want to set for the SSD. (This password doesn't lock the SSD or anything similar, it is just needed for these low-level dealing with the SSD.) We will need that SOMEPASS later on, so remember it/write it down. (But after the secure erase this password will be reset anyway so it is not important in the longterm.)




5. Check the drive again: sudo hdparm -I /dev/sdX

   
   
   

   Now it should say enabled and not frozen at the security section:

   
   
   

   Security: 
   
       Master password revision code = 65534
   
               supported
   
               enabled
   
       not     locked
   
       not     frozen
   
       not     expired: security count
   
               supported: enhanced erase
   
       Security level high
   
       2min for SECURITY ERASE UNIT. 2min for ENHANCED SECURITY ERASE UNIT.
   
   




6. sudo hdparm --user-master u --security-erase SOMEPASS /dev/sdX

   
   
   

   This issues the secure erase command. Again /dev/sdX is your SSD, SOMEPASS is the password set before. The completion of this operation can take a few minutes. After this your SSD should be functional, if not, try again with this command:

   
   
   

   sudo hdparm –user-master u –security-erase-enhanced SOMEPASS /dev/sdX

   
   
   

   This latter command takes much more time (30-40 minutes) and you will have to reset the password (with step 4.) before running it because SOMEPASS is likely already reset by the previous command.




7. After this check the drive again sudo hdparm -I /dev/sdX . The BAD_CTX thing should be gone and your drive should be functional.




8. After all this don't forget to update the firmware of our SSD. (refer to intel support on how to update the SSD's firmware.)