Yes, the default home folders are defined in .config/user-dirs.dirs, which is a hidden configuration file, and you can open it with gedit .config/user-dirs.dirs. It looks like this, which is, hopefully, self-explanitory:

# This file is written by xdg-user-dirs-update

# If you want to change or add directories, just edit the line you're

# interested in. All local changes will be retained on the next run

# Format is XDG_xxx_DIR="$HOME/yyy", where yyy is a shell-escaped

# homedir-relative path, or XDG_xxx_DIR="/yyy", where /yyy is an

# absolute path. No other format is supported.

# 

XDG_DESKTOP_DIR="$HOME/Desktop"

XDG_DOWNLOAD_DIR="$HOME/Downloads"

XDG_PUBLICSHARE_DIR="$HOME/Public"

XDG_DOCUMENTS_DIR="$HOME/Documents"

XDG_MUSIC_DIR="$HOME/Music"

XDG_PICTURES_DIR="$HOME/Pictures"

XDG_VIDEOS_DIR="$HOME/Videos"

XDG_TEMPLATES_DIR="$HOME/Templates"

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