The lintian program runs after building a package using debuild and should warn you for missing libraries when building a binary package. The ldd command can be used to check which libraries are needed for a package.

I use the below script for fetching library package dependencies quickly:

#!/bin/sh

# Save it as executable ~/bin/pkglibs

# Usage: pkglibs directory

#        pkglibs file

list_lib_pkgnames() {

    local lib="$1" libs

    # get the libraries for given "$lib", stripping out linker libraries

    libs=$(ldd "$lib" | awk '/=/{print $1}' | grep -vE '^(linux-vdso|linux-gate).so.1$')

    # if there are libraries, find the matching packages for it

    [ -n "$libs" ] && dpkg -S $libs | sed 's/: .*//'

}

search="$1"

if [ -d "$search" ]; then

    # for directories, recursively search for library dependencies

    find "$search" -type f -exec "$0" {} ; | sort -u

else

    list_lib_pkgnames "$search"

fi

The command may take a while for large directories since it test each file separatedly. It can be optimized to generate a list of libraries first, and then passing the unique entries to the dpkg -S command, but that is an exercise for the reader.

Example: pkglibs /usr/lib/mesa/:

ia32-libs

lib32gcc1

lib32stdc++6

libc6

libc6-i386

libdrm2

libgcc1

libstdc++6

libx11-6

libxau6

libxcb1

libxdamage1

libxdmcp6

libxext6

libxfixes3

libxxf86vm1