That message basically means that you have not set up the partition to mount the root (i.e. "/"). Please boot from the CD and start installation; assuming the new hard disk, sdc1 is empty, do the following.

1) Choose the option to set up the partition system manually

2) Create your first partition, set the partition type to swap (this will be the swap partition, something like windows page file, you won't see or deal with this partition again but it is necessary for good performance), specify the size (I usually use 4 GB) and create it.

3) Create another partition of type "ext4" (or any other llinux filesystem you wish) and set the size for this one. Where it says to select the mount point, select /

4) (optional) I usually create a separate partition for /home where my files are kept, it is usually a good idea in case you want to do a clean install of ubuntu in future, your data will be on a separate partition. Just create a partition of the desired size and type ext4 and mount point /home

Now install in the partition mounted at / and life is good :)